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An Overview of Isotopes

Isotopes are different atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and different numbers of neutrons called isotopes of each other, which can also be interpreted as different nuclides of the same element called isotopes of each other. An isotope is one of two or more atoms of the same chemical element with the same atomic number, occupying the same position on the periodic table and having almost identical chemical behavior, but with different atomic weights or mass numbers, which results in differences in mass spectral behavior, radioactive transitions, and physical properties (e.g., diffusion ability in the gaseous state).

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Status and Trends of Radionuclide Drug Conjugates (RDC)

Coupling drugs combine the precise targeting and potent killing properties, has become a widely recognized form of medication in recent years. Radioactive drug conjugates (RDCs), as a particular form of coupling drugs, are formed by combining radioactive isotopes with disease-targeting molecules.

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Deuterium Depleted Water: What is It?

Water is composed of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom, but hydrogen atoms have three isotopes with different masses, namely protium, deuterium, and tritium with atomic weights of 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Due to its short half-life, tritium is not considered to be present in nature's hydrogen.

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Outlook for Deuterated Drugs Development

Deuterium (D) is a stable, non-radioactive isotope of hydrogen (H), and deuterated drugs refer to drugs containing deuterium atoms, which are obtained by replacing one or more carbon-hydrogen bonds (C-H) at specific metabolic sites on the drug molecule with carbon-deuterium bonds (C-D).

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Stable Isotopes in Metabolomics Analysis

Non-radioactive stable isotopes, including 13C (carbon), 15N(nitrogen) or18O(oxygen) that can be used as a means of labeling or metabolizing substrates. Isotopes are essential in metabolomics to trace the flow and conversions of metabolites through biochemical pathways.

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Stable vs Unstable Isotopes

Stable isotopes are unchanging forms of elements with nuclei that do not decay (ie. undergo radioactive decay). Since it is fixed radiation lattice, no matter how long passes these isotopes still have the same properties over time thus suitable for applications that require or do not need radiation. They have the same chemical properties as non-isotopic counterparts but different nuclear composition.

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What is Difference between Isotope and Isomer?

In the realms of chemistry and biology, the terms "isotope" and "isomer" frequently emerge, each representing unique concepts that are crucial for understanding molecular and atomic behavior. Despite their similar-sounding names, isotopes and isomers play distinct roles in scientific research and practical applications.

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What is Isotopic Fractionation?

Isotopic fractionation occurs due to differences in atomic mass, which despite being minor, significantly impact Earth's physical, chemical, and biological processes. This phenomenon is pervasive, influencing planetary-scale atmospheric circulation, geological processes in Earth's bedrock, and microbial respiration at microscopic levels.

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Isotopes of Hydrogen: Protium, Deuterium and Tritium

The lightest element in the periodic table is hydrogen, with an atomic number of 1. Hydrogen's monoprotic nucleus belies its complexity. It is one of the fundamental elements that make up every aspect of nature and is part of countless chemical reactions and processes. The atomic structure of hydrogen is made up of a proton in the nucleus, which is orbited by an electron.

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Stable Isotopes in Biomarker Analysis

Biomarkers are the foundation of the biological sciences, from basic microbiology experiments to clinical research. A biomarker is a molecular, cellular or biochemical change that can be measured accurately and reproducibly and can be used to identify and monitor physiological and pathogenic processes or responses to pharmacological interventions.

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Stable Isotopes in Environmental Analysis

From a macroscopic point of view, environmental science mainly studies the interaction between human beings and the environment in order to discover the law of coordination between socio-economic development and environmental protection, so as to explore the green road of sustainable development between human beings and nature by means of environmental protection legislation, the establishment of social organizations for environmental protection and other methods.

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Stable Isotopes in Lipidomics Analysis

Lipidomics is the systematic analysis and characterization of lipids and the subfractions that interact with them in a human body, tissue or cell, in order to understand the structure and function of lipids, and to reveal the relationship between lipid metabolism and the development of cells, organs, and organisms, as well as their growth and pathology. It has been widely used in drug discovery and development, as well as in functional genomics, nutrition, and the environment and pathology.

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Stable Isotopes in Proteomics Analysis

Proteomics refers to the study of cell, tissue or organism protein composition and its changing law, protein post-translational modification and protein-protein interactions on the basis of protein biodiversity at a large scale level, so as to reveal the laws and mechanisms related to disease occurrence, development and drug therapy.

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Ion vs Isotope: What is the Difference?

An isotope is a variant of a chemical element that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in its nucleus. This variation in neutron number results in isotopes of the same element having different atomic masses while retaining identical chemical properties.

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The Role of Kinetic Isotope Effect in Isotopic Studies

The kinetic isotope effect refers to the variation in the reaction rate when one of the atoms in the reactants is replaced by an isotope of the same element. Isotopes, which are atoms of the same element differing only in the number of neutrons, possess different masses while retaining identical chemical properties.

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