Stable isotope-labeled compounds are used as environmental pollutant standards for the detection of air, water, soil, sediment and food.
In addition to treating various diseases, isotopes are used for imaging, diagnosis, and newborn screening.
Small molecule compounds labeled with stable isotopes can be used as chemical reference for chemical identification, qualitative, quantitative, detection, etc. Various types of NMR solvents can be used to study the structure, reaction mechanism and reaction kinetics of compounds.
Stable isotope labeling allows researchers to study metabolic pathways in vivo in a safe manner.
Water is composed of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom, but hydrogen atoms have three isotopes with different masses, namely protium, deuterium, and tritium with atomic weights of 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Due to its short half-life, tritium is not considered to be present in nature's hydrogen. Deuterium, as a stable isotope of hydrogen, is also known as heavy hydrogen, with a content of approximately 0.015%. About 33 grams of deuterium are contained in every cubic meter of seawater, thus oceans contain tons of deuterium isotopes. The natural abundance of deuterium varies depending on the water source, and understanding the abundance of deuterium in water bodies provides clues to their history and origins.
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Natural water contains approximately 150 parts per million (ppm) of heavy hydrogen, also known as deuterium. Water in which deuterium is replaced by regular hydrogen is termed as heavy water. Conversely, water with a deuterium content lower than 150 ppm is referred to as deuterium-depleted water (DDW), which is also known as light hydrogen molecular water or ultra-light water. Here are some general effects attributed to deuterium-depleted water, which include promoting metabolism, accelerating cell turnover, enhancing blood circulation, and maintaining balance in the nervous and endocrine systems.
The structure of deuterium depleted water.
Deuterium Depleted Water | Hydrogen Water | |
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Physical Properties | They have the same flavor and appearance. However, deuterium water has a boiling point of 101.4 °C and a freezing point of 3.8 °C. Ice formed from deuterium water is much denser and therefore usually sinks below the surface of the water. | They have the same flavor and appearance. But hydrogen water has a boiling point of 100°C and a freezing point of 0°C. Ice made from hydrogen water is less dense than hydrogen water, so it usually floats on the surface of the water. |
Chemical Properties | Deuterium depleted water has chemical properties similar to regular water, but due to its low deuterium content, it may affect some biochemical processes. | Hydrogen water has general chemical properties, such as serving as a solvent. |
Biological Properties | Deuterium depleted water may impact the physiological functions of organisms, including cellular metabolism, proliferation, and cellular signal transduction, and it may have potential anti-cancer effects. | Hydrogen water, as the source of life, is indispensable in the growth of living organisms and is necessary to sustain life's characteristics. |
Artificially synthesized deuterium-depleted water is obtained by a special process that reduces the deuterium content in natural water. Typically, its production involves various separation techniques such as electrolysis, distillation (e.g., low-temperature vacuum distillation), desalination of seawater, Girdler sulfide process, catalytic exchange, etc. These techniques can separate water rich in ordinary hydrogen isotopes (also known as light water) from water containing less or almost no deuterium. The resulting artificially synthesized deuterium-depleted water typically has a lower deuterium content.
Due to the heterogeneity of hydrological conditions, the isotopic composition of natural water varies greatly across different regions of the Earth. The distance from the oceans and the equator, as well as the altitude, are positively correlated with the consumption of deuterium in water. Furthermore, snowmelt water, especially from glaciers, is much lighter than seawater due to its rich content of deuterium-depleted water. Research has found that the deuterium content in glacier meltwater from Mount Everest can be as low as 43 ppm. In summary, naturally occurring deuterium-depleted water is generally found in high-latitude and high-altitude regions.
Research on the biological effects of deuterium-depleted water on organisms has shown some positive results:
Overall, these research findings suggest that deuterium-depleted water may have positive effects on the health and physiological functions of organisms, including improving plant growth and yield, reducing chicken mortality and increasing egg production, prolonging the lifespan of mice, and increasing sexual activity.
Activating Human Cells: Deuterium-depleted water significantly promotes enzyme reactions, enhances basal metabolism, facilitates the activation of organism cells, and delays aging, restoring youthfulness.
Enhancing Immunity: Deuterium-depleted water can increase NK cell activity, improve immune disorders, thereby enhancing the body's immune function, and improving resistance to colds.
Cancer Prevention and Health Maintenance: Deuterium-depleted water deprives cancer cells of the heavy hydrogen environment needed for growth, increases blood oxygen content and absorption, activates human tissue cells, enhances cellular immunity, restores overall function of cellular tissues, organs, and systems. It can lower tumor markers, inhibit the proliferation of mutated cells and cancer cells, achieving the goal of cancer prevention and health maintenance.
Dissolving Blood Lipids & Softening Blood Vessels: Deuterium-depleted water reduces blood cell adhesion, penetrates tissues, clears deposits in vascular endothelial gaps or cell membrane gaps, promotes molecular dissolution, opens up blood vessels, improves blood circulation in various systems, thereby reducing the incidence or exacerbation of diseases such as hypertension and cerebral thrombosis, significantly reducing the incidence of diseases.
Hypoglycemic Effect: Deuterium-depleted water can reduce cholesterol reserves and blood viscosity, activate various endocrine gland cells, including the pancreas, thyroid, pituitary, adrenal glands, and sex glands, improve physiological and chemical reactions, increase high-density lipoprotein in the blood, gradually alleviate atherosclerosis, restore pancreatic secretion function to normal, thus preventing metabolic disorders of sugar and fat.
Promoting Digestive and Excretory Functions: Deuterium-depleted water activates intestinal mucosal cells, promotes intestinal peristalsis, and facilitates excretion, preventing constipation or resolving constipation.
Beauty and Weight Loss Function: Deuterium-depleted water activates bodily functions, increases basal metabolism, improves gastrointestinal function and metabolic disorders, balances circulation, nervous and endocrine systems, reduces excessive fat accumulation, promotes fat decomposition and utilization, and helps burn excess fat. The skin becomes younger, fairer, and more radiant, reducing age spots.
Enhancing Endurance: Deuterium-depleted water increases the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the body, reduces lactate accumulated in muscles, eliminates fatigue, and rejuvenates spirits.
Improving Sleep: Deuterium-depleted water stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, resulting in good sleep quality.
Facilitating Nutrient & Drug Dissolution and Absorption: Deuterium-depleted water can promote the full dissolution and absorption of nutrients and drugs.
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